Tato literární rešerše shrnuje dosavadní poznatky o úloze testosteronu u žen a jeho vlivu na ženské chování.
Testosteron je považován za výlučně mužský pohlavní hormon, avšak podle dosavadních poznatků je tento hormon neméně důležitý i u žen.
Ukázalo se, že čím vyšší hladinu testosteronu ženy měly, tím více se chovaly dominantně, měly větší touhu po nezávazném sexu a také následně častěji porodily syna než dceru.
Dle poznatků testosteron také ovlivňuje antisociální chování. To bylo pozorováno spíše u mužů, protože mají přirozeně vyšší hladinu testosteronu, ale pokud i žena zažije v dětství trauma a nebude milované dítě, může to hormonálně ovlivnit vývoj jejího mozku, centra empatie, impulzivity a sociální citlivosti, a následně se v dospívání začne chovat antisociálně, to může znamenat braní drog, zločin, hraní automatů apod.
V této práci je také diskutován vliv testosteronu při soupeřivých střetnutích, čili soubojích mezi jedinci stejného druhu. Podle hypotézy výzev by měli vítězové vykazovat vyšší hladinu testosteronu než poražení, aby poražení už neměli chuť do dalších soubojů, protože testosteron podporuje ctižádost. Tento jev byl pozorován i u žen.
Anotace v angličtině
This literal review summarizes current knowledge of the role of testosterone in women and its impact on female behavior.
Testosterone is considered as an exclusively male sex hormone, but according to current knowledge, this hormone is also equally important for women.
It was shown, that higher levels of testosterone women had, the more they behave dominantly, they had an increased desire for uncommitted sex, and subsequently were giving birth to a son more than to a daughter.
According to the findings, antisocial behavior is affected by testosterone. It was observed more in men, who have higher testosterone levels, but if even a woman experiences trauma during childhood and is not a beloved child, it may hormonally influence the development of brain centers connected with empathy, impulsivity and social sensitivity and subsequently in adolescence she starts to behave antisocially. This behavior may include taking drugs, criminal activities, gambling, etc.
In this paper the influence of testosterone during competition is also discussed. According to the challenge hypothesis, the winners should have higher testosterone levels than losers, so the losers have subsequently no appetite for another fight, because testosterone promotes ambition. This phenomenon was also observed in women.
testosterone, female behavior, aggression, dominance, challenge hypothesis, sex of offspring, sexuality, hormonal contraception
Rozsah průvodní práce
62 s. (15 743 znaků)
Jazyk
CZ
Anotace
Tato literární rešerše shrnuje dosavadní poznatky o úloze testosteronu u žen a jeho vlivu na ženské chování.
Testosteron je považován za výlučně mužský pohlavní hormon, avšak podle dosavadních poznatků je tento hormon neméně důležitý i u žen.
Ukázalo se, že čím vyšší hladinu testosteronu ženy měly, tím více se chovaly dominantně, měly větší touhu po nezávazném sexu a také následně častěji porodily syna než dceru.
Dle poznatků testosteron také ovlivňuje antisociální chování. To bylo pozorováno spíše u mužů, protože mají přirozeně vyšší hladinu testosteronu, ale pokud i žena zažije v dětství trauma a nebude milované dítě, může to hormonálně ovlivnit vývoj jejího mozku, centra empatie, impulzivity a sociální citlivosti, a následně se v dospívání začne chovat antisociálně, to může znamenat braní drog, zločin, hraní automatů apod.
V této práci je také diskutován vliv testosteronu při soupeřivých střetnutích, čili soubojích mezi jedinci stejného druhu. Podle hypotézy výzev by měli vítězové vykazovat vyšší hladinu testosteronu než poražení, aby poražení už neměli chuť do dalších soubojů, protože testosteron podporuje ctižádost. Tento jev byl pozorován i u žen.
Anotace v angličtině
This literal review summarizes current knowledge of the role of testosterone in women and its impact on female behavior.
Testosterone is considered as an exclusively male sex hormone, but according to current knowledge, this hormone is also equally important for women.
It was shown, that higher levels of testosterone women had, the more they behave dominantly, they had an increased desire for uncommitted sex, and subsequently were giving birth to a son more than to a daughter.
According to the findings, antisocial behavior is affected by testosterone. It was observed more in men, who have higher testosterone levels, but if even a woman experiences trauma during childhood and is not a beloved child, it may hormonally influence the development of brain centers connected with empathy, impulsivity and social sensitivity and subsequently in adolescence she starts to behave antisocially. This behavior may include taking drugs, criminal activities, gambling, etc.
In this paper the influence of testosterone during competition is also discussed. According to the challenge hypothesis, the winners should have higher testosterone levels than losers, so the losers have subsequently no appetite for another fight, because testosterone promotes ambition. This phenomenon was also observed in women.
testosterone, female behavior, aggression, dominance, challenge hypothesis, sex of offspring, sexuality, hormonal contraception
Zásady pro vypracování
Cílem práce je literární rešerše, ve které autorka představí vybrané aspekty vztahu mezi hladinou testosteronu a projevy chování žen. Tato problematika bude zpracována v následujících krocích
1. testosteron a sexuální chování
2. testosteron a pohlaví potomka
3. testosteron a sociální interakce typu vítěz-poražený
Zásady pro vypracování
Cílem práce je literární rešerše, ve které autorka představí vybrané aspekty vztahu mezi hladinou testosteronu a projevy chování žen. Tato problematika bude zpracována v následujících krocích
1. testosteron a sexuální chování
2. testosteron a pohlaví potomka
3. testosteron a sociální interakce typu vítěz-poražený
Seznam doporučené literatury
Eisenegger, C., Haushofer, J., Fehr, E. (2011) The role of testosterone in social interaction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 15, 263 271
Maner, J.K., McNulty, J.K. (2013) Attunement to the fertility status of same-sex rivals: women's testosterone responses to olfactory ovulation cues. Evolution and Human Behavior. 34, 412 418
Mehta, P.H., van Son, V., Welker, K.M., Prasad, S., Sanfey, A.G., Smidts, A., Roelofs, K. (2015) Exogenous testosterone in women enhances and inhibits competitive decision-making depending on victorydefeat experience and trait dominance. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 60, 224 236
Carré, J.M., Campbell, J.A., Lozoya, E., Goetz, S.M.M., Welker, K.M. (2013) Changes in testosterone mediate the effect of winning on subsequent aggressive behaviour. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 38, 2034 2041
Jiménez, M., Aguilar, R., Alvero-Cruz, J.R. (2012) Effects of victory and defeat on testosterone and cortisol response to competition: Evidence for same response patterns in men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 37, 1577 1581
Costa, R., Salvador, A. (2012) Asscociantions between succes and failure in a face-to-face competition and psychobiological parameters in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 37, 17801790 Chichinadze, K., Lazarashvili, A. (2012) Testosterone dynamics during encounter: role of emotional factors. J Comp Physiol. 198, 485 494
Zilioli, S., Mehta, P.H., Watson, N.V. (2014) Losing the battle but winning the war: Uncertain outcomes reverse the usual effect of winning on testosterone. Biological Psychology. 103, 54 62
Turan, B., Tackett, J.L., Lechtreck, M.T., Browning, W.R. (2015) Coordination of the cortisol and testosterone responses: A dual axis approach to understanding the response to social status threats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 62, 59 68
Edwards, D.A., Casto, K.V. (2015) Baseline cortisol moderates testosterone reactivity to women's intercollegiate athletic competition. Physiology & Behavior. 142, 48 51
Edwards, D.A., Kurlander L.S. (2010) Women's intercollegiate volleyball and tennis: Effects of warm-up, competition, and practice on saliva levels of cortisol and testosterone. Hormones and behavior. 58, 606 613
Sellers, J.G., Mehl, M.R., Josephs, R.A. (2007) Hormones and personality: Testosterone as a marker of individual differences. Journal of Research in Personality. 41, 126 138
Grant, V.J., France, J.T. (2001) Dominance and testosterone in women. Biological Psychology. 56, 41 47
Barret, E.S., Tran, V., Thurston, S., Jasienska, G., Furberg, A., Ellison, P.T., Thune, I. (2013) Marriage and motherhood are associated with lower testosterone concentrations in women. Hormones and Behavior. 63, 72 79
Liening, S.H., Stanton, S.J., Saini, E.K., Schultheiss. (2010) Salivary testosterone, cortisol, and progesterone: Two week stability, interhormone correlations, and effects of time of day, menstrual cycle, and oral contraceptive use on steroid hormone levels. Physiolohy & behavior. 99, 8-16
Stanton, S.J., Mullette-Gillman, O.A., Huettel, S.A. (2011) Seasonal variation of salivary testosterone in men, normally cycling women, and women using hormonal contraceptives. Physiology & Behavior. 104, 804 808
Bobst, C., Sauter, S., Foppa, A., Lobmaier, J.S. (2014) Early follicular testosterone level predicts preference for masculinity in male faces But not for women taking hormonal contraception. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 41, 142 150
Goldey, K.L., van Anders, S.M. (2011) Sexy thoughts: Effect of sexual cognitions on testosterone, cortisol, and arousal in women. Hormones and behavior. 59, 754-764
van Anders, S.M., Hamilton, L.D., Watson, N.V. (2007) Multiple partners are associated with higher testosterone in North American men and women. Science Direct, Hormones and behavior. 51, 454-459
Seznam doporučené literatury
Eisenegger, C., Haushofer, J., Fehr, E. (2011) The role of testosterone in social interaction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 15, 263 271
Maner, J.K., McNulty, J.K. (2013) Attunement to the fertility status of same-sex rivals: women's testosterone responses to olfactory ovulation cues. Evolution and Human Behavior. 34, 412 418
Mehta, P.H., van Son, V., Welker, K.M., Prasad, S., Sanfey, A.G., Smidts, A., Roelofs, K. (2015) Exogenous testosterone in women enhances and inhibits competitive decision-making depending on victorydefeat experience and trait dominance. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 60, 224 236
Carré, J.M., Campbell, J.A., Lozoya, E., Goetz, S.M.M., Welker, K.M. (2013) Changes in testosterone mediate the effect of winning on subsequent aggressive behaviour. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 38, 2034 2041
Jiménez, M., Aguilar, R., Alvero-Cruz, J.R. (2012) Effects of victory and defeat on testosterone and cortisol response to competition: Evidence for same response patterns in men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 37, 1577 1581
Costa, R., Salvador, A. (2012) Asscociantions between succes and failure in a face-to-face competition and psychobiological parameters in young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 37, 17801790 Chichinadze, K., Lazarashvili, A. (2012) Testosterone dynamics during encounter: role of emotional factors. J Comp Physiol. 198, 485 494
Zilioli, S., Mehta, P.H., Watson, N.V. (2014) Losing the battle but winning the war: Uncertain outcomes reverse the usual effect of winning on testosterone. Biological Psychology. 103, 54 62
Turan, B., Tackett, J.L., Lechtreck, M.T., Browning, W.R. (2015) Coordination of the cortisol and testosterone responses: A dual axis approach to understanding the response to social status threats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 62, 59 68
Edwards, D.A., Casto, K.V. (2015) Baseline cortisol moderates testosterone reactivity to women's intercollegiate athletic competition. Physiology & Behavior. 142, 48 51
Edwards, D.A., Kurlander L.S. (2010) Women's intercollegiate volleyball and tennis: Effects of warm-up, competition, and practice on saliva levels of cortisol and testosterone. Hormones and behavior. 58, 606 613
Sellers, J.G., Mehl, M.R., Josephs, R.A. (2007) Hormones and personality: Testosterone as a marker of individual differences. Journal of Research in Personality. 41, 126 138
Grant, V.J., France, J.T. (2001) Dominance and testosterone in women. Biological Psychology. 56, 41 47
Barret, E.S., Tran, V., Thurston, S., Jasienska, G., Furberg, A., Ellison, P.T., Thune, I. (2013) Marriage and motherhood are associated with lower testosterone concentrations in women. Hormones and Behavior. 63, 72 79
Liening, S.H., Stanton, S.J., Saini, E.K., Schultheiss. (2010) Salivary testosterone, cortisol, and progesterone: Two week stability, interhormone correlations, and effects of time of day, menstrual cycle, and oral contraceptive use on steroid hormone levels. Physiolohy & behavior. 99, 8-16
Stanton, S.J., Mullette-Gillman, O.A., Huettel, S.A. (2011) Seasonal variation of salivary testosterone in men, normally cycling women, and women using hormonal contraceptives. Physiology & Behavior. 104, 804 808
Bobst, C., Sauter, S., Foppa, A., Lobmaier, J.S. (2014) Early follicular testosterone level predicts preference for masculinity in male faces But not for women taking hormonal contraception. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 41, 142 150
Goldey, K.L., van Anders, S.M. (2011) Sexy thoughts: Effect of sexual cognitions on testosterone, cortisol, and arousal in women. Hormones and behavior. 59, 754-764
van Anders, S.M., Hamilton, L.D., Watson, N.V. (2007) Multiple partners are associated with higher testosterone in North American men and women. Science Direct, Hormones and behavior. 51, 454-459