1. Introduction: the origin of philosophy in ancient Greece in the 6th century BC; cultural and religious background of philosophy; myth and logos; philosophical approach to the world. 2. Presocratics: the oldest Greek thought, periodization; doxography and textual evidence; philosophical topics. 3. Natural philosophy: the arche and the world order (Milesians, Parmenides, Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Empedocles, Anaxagoras, Atomists); identity and difference; the relationship between thinking and being; the scope and limits of human knowledge (Xenophanes, Democritus). 4. Sophistry: the role of speech in public life; rhetoric and the power of speech; civic education and arete; sophistic relativism: epistemic relativism and relativism of values; physis and nomos; political and ethical topics in Sophistry. 5. Socrates: historical and literary figure; Sophistic vs Socratic discussion: eristics vs elenchos; ethical intellectualism; "I know that I know nothing"; the trial (Apology); followers of Socrates. 6. Plato: Plato's writing: dialogical form; unwritten doctrines and the Tübingen School; the dialogical nature of understanding (Gadamer); the form and theme of Plato's dialogues; Plato's critique of Sophists. 7. Plato's metaphysics and epistemology: the difference between knowledge and opinion (episteme and doxa) in Plato's dialogues (the Geometry Lesson in the Meno); knowledge and recollection (anamnesis); Plato's similes in the Republic (the Sun, the Line and the Cave); ti esti; ideas and individuals. 8. Plato: ethics and politics; the concept of the soul and the "care for the soul"; justice in the Republic; political models in the Republic and the Laws; classification of constitutional types. 9. Aristotle: philosophical method; classification of philosophical disciplines and foundations of science; polemic with philosophical predecessors; logic; categories: substance and accident. 10. Aristotle's metaphysics and epistemology: Aristotle's "first philosophy"; interpretation of change and movement in terms of dynamis/energeia and hyle/morfe; accidental and substantial change; causality; Aristotelian image of the physical world. 11. Aristotle: ethics and politics; good life and arete; ethical and intellectual virtues; man as a political animal (zoon politikon); constitutional theory. 12. Hellenism and late antiquity: philosophical thinking in a new cultural and political context; Stoics; Epicureans; Sceptics. 13. The legacy of classical Greek philosophy in Neoplatonism; Plotinus.
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