Evolution of deuterostome phyla, evolution of chordate body plan. Urochordata and Cephalochordata: Notochord, postanal segmentation, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits. Urochordata (Tunicata): larval tunicates, gill slits, notochord and nerve cord in the tail, metamorphosis into adults. Ascidian adults have a tunic-like sac and reduced brain of one ganglion, Larvacea, Thaliacea. Vertebrates: skull, visceral arches and spinal column, vertebral column, brain with specialized parts, four chambered heart. Agnatha: wertebrates without jaws or paired appendages. Lamprey (Ammocoete) larva anatomy. Gnathostomata: a pair of visceral arches specialized as bitting jaws. Chondrichthyes: cartilagenous skeletons, placoid scales, cartilagenous neural arches of the vertebrae fully protect the spinal nerve cord. Internal fertilization, most shark eggs hatch inside the mother, intrauterinne cannibalism Pisces , Cartilaginous Fishes, Bony fishes:exoskeleton of bony scales embedded in skin, containing many mucous glands. Four pairs of gills, operculum, air bladder. Endoskeleton, bones comprise the skull, vertebral column, ribs, pectoral girdle and fin ray supports. About 40 cartilage and membrane bones comprise the skull. Dipnoi - lungfish, lobe-finned fishes, the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae. Tetrapod origins, evolution, diversity. Amphibia: three orders of frogs (Anura, without tails), salamanders (Caudata , with tails) and caecilians (Gymnophiona or Apoda, wormlike, blind and without legs). They all respire through soft, moist, glandular skin in addition to using they poorly developed lungs. Metamorphosis of larval tapdoles. Fertilization of caecilians is internal and the female bears live young. Reptilia: the dry, cornified skin with scales to reduce water loss, imperfect four-chambered heart and respire with lungs by expanding and contracting the rib cage to exhale and inhale, completely ossified bony skeleton, reptilian legs. Paired spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Anapsida, Lepidosauria, Archosauria. A taxonomic position of turtles . Order Rhynchocephalia. Aves: very high metabolism, trachea is reinforced with cartilage loops and has developed vocal corde. Birds lack muscles to expand and contract the lung. Expansion of posterior air sacs by muscles draws air in from the trachea. Contraction of the posterior air sacs, which are larger than the lung, forces air under pressure into the back of the lung. This pressure increases gas exchange in the lung capillaries. Expansion of anterior air sacs withdraws air from the front of the lung and contraction of these anterior air sacs pushes air out the trachea. The pulmonary artery brings blood to the front of the lung and the pulmonary vein exits the back of the lung loaded with oxygen. A four chambered heart, endothermy, feathers, large breast muscles, wings, relatively large brain ( compared to amphibians and reptiles), small olfactory lobes but large optic lobes. Bidrs´ eyes and sharp vision. Eyes have an upper and lower lid plus a third nictitating membrane.A care after hatching. Taxonomy of Class Aves. Mammalia: mammal characteristic; endothermic, warm bloded animals are divided into 19 Orders; hairy skin (keratin protein) ; heterodent diphyodont dentition; female mammary glands secrete milk to nourish the newborn. Diaphragm muscles, thorax and abdominal region. A four chambered heart is present . Non-nucleated red blood cells are unlike those of other vertebrates; twelve pairs of cranial nerves and the cerebrum and cerebellum are large. Mammalian teeth, carnivores, herbivores (some herbivores have a four chambered stomach which contains celulose digesting bakteria in the first chamber). Mammals diversity, behaviour , ecology and conservation. Prototheria, Metatheria, Eutheria : external anatomy, internal anatomy.
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