Course description and course objectives: The study of invertebrates is a gateway to the wast diversity of animal life ( Rupert et.al. 2003) This course includes lecture as well as laboratory exercise. It is a view of the invertebrate phyla, using selected taxa to illustrate and understand theory in evolution, morphology systematics, physiology, ontogeny, ecology, ecophysiology and behaviour. Lectures are focused on organizing and interpreting knowledge about invertebrate animals to illustrate (a) evolutionary relationships within and among taxa, and (b) adaptations that permit species to inhabit particular environments. Laboratories will provide living and preserved examples of taxa presented in lecture , as well as experimental procedures that will permit students to explore invertebrate organization and body function The two primary objectives of this course are to provide students vith an understanding of the conceptual framework that unifies biological science, and an appreciation for the diversity and abundance of a group of organisms that comprises over 95% of the animal species on Earth. These two objectives are emphasized because (1) a conceptual understanding of biological science is fundamentals to creative thought in this field and (2) the diversity of invertebrate species provides excellent examples of these central principles. An understanding of this framework will permit students to comprehend scientific explanations for the distribution, abundance and diversity of invertebratas species. Course programme: Protozoans : unicellular "animals", Sarcomastigota, Alveolata, Euglenozoa, Actinopoda, Rhizopoda, Ciliophora, Apicomplexa. Origin of Metazoa: choanoflagellate colonies and metazoan evolution.Origin of polarity and cell specialization, origin of complexity. Porifera: asconid , syconid and leuconid sponge. Spicules, gemmules. Placozoa. Cnidaria: radially symmetric, diploblastic tissue grade organization, cnidocytes, hydrostatic skeleton, dimorphic life cycle. Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Antozoa Platyhelminthes: Bilateral symmetry, triploblast acoelomates, organ-grade organization, free-living or parasitic lifestyles. Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda Annelida: metamerisation, closed circulatory system, burrowing, new form of locomotion, Polychaeta (Nereid worm), Clitellata (earthworm, the leech). Self-test Annelida. Mollusca: radula, shell and mantle, ctenidia, cilliated visceral mass, muscular food, open circulatory system. Bivalvia (freshwater clam), Gastropoda (the snail), Cephalopoda (the squid) . Self- test Mollusca Nematoda; Gastrotricha; Rotifera; Acanthocephala. Nematoda (pseudocoel, longitudinal muscles,collagenous cuticle, sensory amphids, complete gut, Ascaris, Turbatrix,. Gastrotricha (cuticle and cilia, eutely, adhesive tubes), Rotifera (mastax and ciliated corona, parthenogenesis, cryptobiosis, ligaments, ligament sacs, and uterine bell (Acanthocephala), spiny proboscis (Acanthocephala). Arthropoda: tagmatization, chitinous exoskeleton, molting, muscle arranged in bands, jointed appendages, compound eyes. Phylogeny of Arthropods. Panarthropoda, Onychophora, Tardigrada. Arthropoda: Chelicerata, Mandibulata (Crustacea, Tracheata: Hexapoda, Myriapoda). Self - test Arthropoda. Bryozoa and Brachiopoda: Freshwater bryozoans (Pectinatella and Plumatella) , Brachiopoda (Lingula). Echinodermata : Pentaradiate symmetry, tube feet and the water vascular system, endosceleton, pedicellaria, coelom development. Sea star, sea urchin and sand dollar, bristle stars and basket stars. Holothuroidea (the sea cucumber). Self-test - Echinodermata. Hemichordata: Proboscis, collar and trunk, stomochord, glomerulus. Balanoglossus.
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