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Lecturer(s)
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Šimsa Martin, PhDr. Ph.D.
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Course content
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1) Experience of history and definition of the concept of philosophy of history. Specific features of the philosophical approach to history and basic typology. The need to periodize history and examples of periodization of history. The importance of finding divisions between epochs. 2) Contrast between Greek and Jewish tradition. Eliade's conception of archetypes as an essential feature of archaic societies. Static and dynamic understanding of history. Justification of the cyclical concept. 3) Christian conception of history. Augustine's conception of the intersection of two communities and the Christian periodization of history. Leaving the scheme of two municipalities in the approach of Jáchym of Fiore and his division of history into epochs. 4) Examples of Renaissance conception of history. Machiavelli's emphasis on the importance of orientation in the past as a prerequisite for the possibility of a critical distance from the immediate presence. His conception of the cyclical course of history. 5) Comenius' project of general correction of humanity and its support in reference to orientation in history. The use of the metaphor of light as a proof of the inequality of historical principles. 6) Philosophy of history within modern political philosophy. The concept of the natural state in terms of the philosophy of history. Comparison of Hobbes and Lock's approach. 7) The aspect of progress during the French Enlightenment. Voltait's understanding of history and its conceptual changes. The difference between the main and secondary historical events, the characteristics of important centuries as historical peaks. 8) Philosophy of history as a part of the critique of contemporary social conditions. Rousseau's observation of significant shifts in history as a precondition for the diagnosis of the achieved degree of civilization. 9) Condorcet's concept of human perfection. Its periodization of history as a prerequisite for affecting the determining tendencies of future development. The oracular role of the philosophy of history. Pessimism and optimism in finding the meaning of history. 10) Philosophy of history in the period of classical German philosophy. Kant's conception of historical antagonism and the role of nature with regard to the possibilities of human development. The idea of historical progress as a means of managing the current decline. 11) Fichte's conception of the continuity of historical epochs against the background of historical events. The idea of the unattainability of a definitive historical goal as a precondition for the constant development of human society. 12) The problem of the end of history with regard to Hegel's philosophy of history. The concept of the absolute spirit as an example of the search for a guarantee of a meaningful outcome of history. The role of dialectics in Hegel's understanding of historical development. The contrast between Hegel's and Marx's approach. 13) The concept of history as a reaction to the world wars of the 20th century. Spengler's justification for the demise of Western civilization and Jaspers' conception of the Axis age as an attempt to find a way out of the historically experienced situation.
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Learning activities and teaching methods
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unspecified, unspecified
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Learning outcomes
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The aim of the course is to get acquainted with various philosophical approaches to understanding history. The course is designed chronologically to reflect contrasting changes in the evaluation of historical development.
The student is familiar with the changes of different approaches to history. He is able to compare and update these approaches with regard to possible understandings of the current historical situation. This cultivates his historical consciousness.
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Prerequisites
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Completion of the course is conditioned by a basic orientation in the history of philosophical thinking and in the historical context, especially the development of Western civilization.
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Assessment methods and criteria
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unspecified
The student chooses two titles from the list of recommended literature. Completion of the course is conditioned by their careful study, including thinking about comparing different approaches, in the context of the overall structure of the interpretation.
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Recommended literature
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Bláha, P. Proměny filosofického uvažování nad dějinami. Ústí nad Labem, 2003. ISBN 80-7044-464-9.
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Condorcet, A. Náčrt historického obrazu pokroků lidského ducha. Praha, 1968.
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Eliade, M. Mýtus o věčném návratu. Praha, 1993.
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Rousseau Jean Jacques. Rozpravy. Praha, 1989.
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Spengler, O. Člověk a technika. Praha, 1997. ISBN 80-901987-6-7.
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